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舊 2007-12-09, 07:26 PM   #52 (permalink)
barrielee
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作者: getter 查看文章
我去找了一下聯合國跟屠殺有關的部份,他們不叫作屠殺,而是 Genocide
種族滅絕、種族肅清、種族清理。


聯合國有『聯合國公約關於防止和懲處對種族滅絕罪』


有人認為內戰或暴動等行為導致種族滅絕 (Genocide),
不受此國際約法管束(干涉內政為由),實際上還是有介入的如盧旺達內戰。


以下是『聯合國公約關於防止和懲處對種族滅絕罪』

原文 http://www.hrweb.org/legal/genocide.html

http://www.hrweb.org/legal/unlogo.gif

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide


Adopted by Resolution 260 (III) A of the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1948.

Article 1
The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish.

Article 2
In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Article 3
The following acts shall be punishable:

(a) Genocide;
(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;
(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;
(d) Attempt to commit genocide;
(e) Complicity in genocide.
Article 4
Persons committing genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be punished, whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals.

Article 5
The Contracting Parties undertake to enact, in accordance with their respective Constitutions, the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the present Convention and, in particular, to provide effective penalties for persons guilty of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3.

Article 6
Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Parties which shall have accepted its jurisdiction.

Article 7
Genocide and the other acts enumerated in Article 3 shall not be considered as political crimes for the purpose of extradition.
The Contracting Parties pledge themselves in such cases to grant extradition in accordance with their laws and treaties in force.


Article 8
Any Contracting Party may call upon the competent organs of the United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3.

Article 9
Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.

Article 10
The present Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall bear the date of 9 December 1948.

Article 11
The present Convention shall be open until 31 December 1949 for signature on behalf of any Member of the United Nations and of any non-member State to which an invitation to sign has been addressed by the General Assembly.
The present Convention shall be ratified, and the instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

After 1 January 1950, the present Convention may be acceded to on behalf of any Member of the United Nations and of any non-member State which has received an invitation as aforesaid.

Instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.


Article 12
Any Contracting Party may at any time, by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, extend the application of the present Convention to all or any of the territories for the conduct of whose foreign relations that Contracting Party is responsible.

Article 13
On the day when the first twenty instruments of ratification or accession have been deposited, the Secretary-General shall draw up a proces-verbal and transmit a copy of it to each Member of the United Nations and to each of the non-member States contemplated in Article 11.
The present Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.

Any ratification or accession effected subsequent to the latter date shall become effective on the ninetieth day following the deposit of the instrument of ratification or accession.


Article 14
The present Convention shall remain in effect for a period of ten years as from the date of its coming into force.
It shall thereafter remain in force for successive periods of five years for such Contracting Parties as have not denounced it at least six months before the expiration of the current period.

Denunciation shall be effected by a written notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.


Article 15
If, as a result of denunciations, the number of Parties to the present Convention should become less than sixteen, the Convention shall cease to be in force as from the date on which the last of these denunciations shall become effective.

Article 16
A request for the revision of the present Convention may be made at any time by any Contracting Party by means of a notification in writing addressed to the Secretary-General.
The General Assembly shall decide upon the steps, if any, to be taken in respect of such request.


Article 17
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify all Members of the United Nations and the non-member States contemplated in Article 11 of the following:

(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions received in accordance with Article 11;
(b) Notifications received in accordance with Article 12;
(c) The date upon which the present Convention comes into force in accordance with Article 13;
(d) Denunciations received in accordance with Article 14;
(e) The abrogation of the Convention in accordance with Article 15;
(f) Notifications received in accordance with Article 16.
Article 18
The original of the present Convention shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations.
A certified copy of the Convention shall be transmitted to all Members of the United Nations and to the non-member States contemplated in Article 11.


Article 19
The present Convention shall be registered by the Secretary-General of the United Nations on the date of its coming into force.

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Google 的譯文:公約關於防止和懲處對種族滅絕罪


通過第 260 (III) 甲聯合國大會關於1948年12月9日。

第1條
締約各方確認滅絕種族行為,無論是在和平時期還是在戰爭時期,是一種違反國際法的罪行,他們承諾,以防止和懲罰。


第2條
在本公約中,滅絕種族罪是指下列行為意圖摧毀,在全部或部分,某一民族,族裔,種族或宗教團體的成員,因為這樣的:

(a) 殺害該團體的成員;
(b) 造成嚴重身體或精神傷害的,以該團體的成員;
(c) 故意使該團體處於某種生活狀況帶來毀滅其全部或部分;
(d) 強制施行辦法,意圖防止該團體內的生育;
(e) 強迫轉移該團體的兒童至另一團體。


第3條
有下列行為應處以:

(a) 滅絕種族罪;
(b) 密謀犯下種族滅絕;
(c) 直接和公開煽動種族滅絕罪;
(d) 企圖犯下種族滅絕;
(e) 共謀滅絕種族。


第4條
凡犯滅絕種族罪或任何其他行為,第三條所列應當受到懲罰,無論其為依憲法負責的統治者,公務員或私人,個人。


第5條
締約各方承諾制定,按照各自的章程,必要的立法,以落實該項本公約的各項規定,並特別提供了有效的罰則,對犯有種族滅絕或任何其他條所列行為之一3 。


第六條
人被控種族滅絕或任何其他行為,第三條所列應交由主管法庭的領土上的國家,其中該法是承諾,或由國際刑事法庭可能有管轄權與尊重那些締約締約國接受其管轄權。


第7條
種族滅絕和其他行為的第三條所列不得被視為政治犯罪,為引渡目的。
締約各方承諾自己在這種情況下,以准許引渡依照其法律和條約生效。


第8條
締約任何一方可請主管機關對聯合國採取這種行動,根據聯合國憲章,因為他們認為適當的,為預防和制止種族滅絕行為或任何其他條所列行為之一3 。


第9條
之間的爭端,締約各方的有關解釋,適用或履行本公約,其中包括有關國家的責任,為種族滅絕或任何其他條所列行為之一3 ,應提交國際刑事法院的司法其中任何一方的請求爭端當事方。


第10條
在本公約中,其中以中文,英文,法文,俄文和西班牙文文本具有同等效力,應承擔日期1948年12月9日。


第11條
本公約應開放至1949年12月31日簽署並於代表任何聯合國會員國,以及任何非會員國,其中邀請跡象已經由大會處理。
本公約應經批准,並自批准文書應交存聯合國秘書長,聯合國秘書長。

之後, 1950年1月1日,在本公約中,可加入代表任何聯合國會員國,以及任何非會員國,其中已經收到了邀請,如前述。

加入文書應交存聯合國秘書長,聯合國秘書長。


第12條
任何締約國均可在任何時候通過通知聯合國秘書長,聯合國,擴大適用本公約的所有或部分領土的行為,其對外關係訂約黨是負責任的。


第13條
在當天第一個二十年的批准文書或加入書交存,秘書長應制訂出一個工藝言語和傳送一份給聯合國各會員國和各有關非會員國的爭議在第11條。
本公約應自生效90天以下書交存之日起的第20份批准書或加入書。

任何國家批准或加入生效以後,後者截止日期應成為有效的第九十天在交存批准文書或加入。


第14條
本公約應保持有效的任期為十年,因為自公佈之日起對其生效。
其後應繼續留在部隊歷任期為5年,如締約各方由於沒有譴責,這至少在6個月期限屆滿之前,目前的時期。

退約即生效的書面通知給秘書長的聯合國秘書長。


第15條
如果由於解約,當事方的數目,以本公約的解釋應成為不少於16個,本公約應停止生效,從該日期應視為最後的98人,應成為有效的。


第16條
要求修改本公約,可在任何時間,任何締約方式以書面形式通知給秘書長。
大會應作出決定的步驟,如果有的話,將要採取的方面提出這樣的要求。


第17條
秘書長的聯合國應通知所有聯合國會員國及非會員國考慮在第11條規定如下:

(a) 在簽署,批准和加入收到按照第11條;
(b) 收到的通知,按照第12條;
(c) 會議日期後,即在本公約生效後按照第13條;
(d) 接到98人,按照第14條;
(e) 廢除該公約根據第15條;
(f) 收到的通知,按照第16條。


第18條
原來的本公約應交存於聯合國檔案庫。
經核證的副本本公約應轉交給所有的聯合國會員國和非會員國考慮在第11條。


第19條
本公約應予以登記,由秘書長對聯合國提出的關於日期的,其生效。
good job

煩請您以後在228事件中使用屠殺二字時,請先引用想關定義作補充說明,台灣社會懂的人不知有幾多?
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